迷你笃宾、迷你品、迷你杜宾犬、鹿犬(Miniature Pinscher)AKC标准及介绍

小型笃宾犬(德语为梗类)在迷你品犬产生的几世纪前,就已经出现在德国与斯堪的那维亚地区.1895年,德国笃宾犬俱乐部设立,接着迷你品犬也受到公认.1920年,此犬输入到美国以后,受到当地人的喜爱.1929年,美国迷你笃宾犬俱乐部成立.

迷你杜宾犬简介

迷你杜宾犬是一种结构平衡、紧凑、结实、精密的短毛狗。他的外观自然、高傲、有活力且警惕。骏马式的步伐、大胆的作风、完全独立的个性和精力旺盛是这一品种独有的特征。他们是优秀的家庭犬.也是抓老鼠的能手。1900年前,除其在德国地去仍是个默默无闻的品种.虽然有些外形似笃宾犬的小型种类,但遗传上与其没有任何关系

迷你杜宾犬的体型

肩高10~12.5英寸，理想的尺寸是11~11.5英寸。肩高低于10英寸或高于12.5英寸属于失格。公狗的身体长度等于肩高，母狗身体略长一些。

迷你杜宾犬的头部

与身体比例恰当。前端变窄，比例合适，而且面部不能比头颅突出。不能显得粗糙。眼睛：饱满，略呈卵形，清楚、明亮、深色甚至是纯黑色，包括眼圈也是深色的，除了巧克力色的狗（眼圈颜色与体色一致）。耳朵：耳位高，立耳。可以剪耳或不剪耳。头颅：平坦，向口吻方向变窄。口吻：强壮而不是精巧纤细，与头部组成一个整体。略向下倾，与头顶部分平行。鼻镜：只允许黑色，除了巧克力色的狗（与体色一致）。嘴唇和脸颊：小而紧，彼此贴近。牙齿：呈剪状咬合。

迷你杜宾犬的颈部、背线、身躯

颈部在身体和头之间略呈拱形，曲线优雅，肌肉发达而且没有赘肉和皱皮。背线：站立和行走时，背线水平或略向后倾。身体：紧凑，略呈楔状，肌肉发达。胸部发达，肋骨扩张良好，胸深适度，与肘齐平。适度收腹，显得优雅。短而结实的腰部。尾部：尾根高，竖立，在适当位置截断。

迷你杜宾犬的前躯

肩部整洁并倾斜适当的角度，使他有骑马式的动作。肘部贴近身体。腿部骨骼强壮且结合紧密。从前面看，直而整齐。腕部强壮而直。狼爪应该切除。足爪小，猫爪，足趾强壮，呈拱形且紧密，脚垫厚实，趾甲厚而钝。

迷你杜宾犬的后躯

后腿肌肉发达，距离恰当。从后面看，腿直且平行。从旁边看，角度恰当。大腿肌肉发达。后膝关节轮廓鲜明，飞节短，距离恰当。狼爪应该切除。足爪小，猫爪，足趾强壮，呈拱形且紧密，脚垫厚实，趾甲厚而钝。

迷你杜宾犬的被毛

平滑、短而硬，直且有光泽，紧贴全身。

迷你杜宾犬的颜色

纯红色。鹿红色（红色中搀杂黑色毛发）。黑色带铁锈红斑纹，明显的铁锈红色斑纹分布在脸颊，嘴唇，下颌，喉咙，眼眉和胸口，前腿下半部分，后腿内侧，飞节下部和足爪。足趾上有黑色铅笔条纹。巧克力色带铁锈红斑纹的情况与黑色带铁锈红斑纹的情况一样，只有足趾上是巧克力色铅笔纹。纯红色和鹿红色中，有深色阴影比较理想。失格：除列出的颜色以外，其他任何颜色；拇指斑（前腿脚腕到脚之间部分的正面，在黑色斑块外包一圈铁锈红，如果是巧克力色，斑块颜色是巧克力色）。身体任何部分出现较长方向超尺寸过1/2英寸的白色斑块。 

迷你杜宾犬的步态

前腿和后腿平行移动，脚既不向内弯，也不向外弯。骏马式步态是指其行走时前腿高抬轻放，脚腕弯曲，自由而轻松的步态。行动流畅，后躯驱动力强。

迷你杜宾犬的气质

大胆的作风、完全独立的个性和精力旺盛

迷你杜宾犬的失格

肩高低于10英寸或高于12.5英寸；除列出的颜色以外，其他任何颜色；拇指斑（前腿脚腕到脚之间部分的正面，在黑色斑块外包一圈铁锈红，如果是巧克力色，斑块颜色是巧克力色）。身体任何部分出现较长方向超尺寸过1/2英寸的白色斑块。

标准制订日期：1980年7月8日
标准执行日期：1990年2月21日

[以下为迷你笃宾、迷你品、迷你杜宾犬、鹿犬(Miniature Pinscher)AKC标准英文原版]

Miniature Pinscher Breed Standard

General Appearance
The Miniature Pinscher is structurally a well balanced, sturdy, compact, short-coupled, smooth-coated dog. He naturally is well groomed, proud, vigorous and alert. Characteristic traits are his hackney-like action, fearless animation, complete self-possession, and his spirited presence.

Size, Proportion, Substance
Size -10 inches to 12½ inches in height allowed, with desired height 11 inches to 11½ inches measured at highest point of the shoulder blades. Disqualification -Under 10 inches or over 12½ inches in height. Length of males equals height at withers. Females may be slightly longer.

Head
In correct proportion to the body. Tapering, narrow with well fitted but not too prominent foreface which balances with the skull. No indication of coarseness. Eyes full, slightly oval, clear, bright and dark even to a true black, including eye rims, with the exception of chocolates, whose eye rims should be self-colored. Ears set high, standing erect from base to tip. May be cropped or uncropped. Skull appears flat, tapering forward toward the muzzle. Muzzle strong rather than fine and delicate, and in proportion to the head as a whole. Head well balanced with only a slight drop to the muzzle, which is parallel to the top of the skull. Nose black only, with the exception of chocolates which should have a self-colored nose. Lips and Cheeks small, taut and closely adherent to each other. Teeth meet in a scissors bite.

Neck, Topline, Body
Neck proportioned to head and body, slightly arched, gracefully curved, blending into shoulders, muscular and free from suggestion of dewlap or throatiness. Topline -Back level or slightly sloping toward the rear both when standing and gaiting. Body compact, slightly wedge-shaped, muscular. Forechest well developed. Well-sprung ribs . Depth of brisket, the base line of which is level with points of the elbows. Belly moderately tucked up to denote grace of structural form. Short and strong in loin. Croup level with topline. Tail set high, held erect, docked in proportion to size of dog.

Forequarters
Shoulders clean and sloping with moderate angulation coordinated to permit the hackney-like action. Elbows close to the body. Legs -Strong bone development and small clean joints. As viewed from the front, straight and upstanding. Pasterns strong, perpendicular. Dewclaws should be removed. Feet small, catlike, toes strong, well arched and closely knit with deep pads. Nails thick, blunt.

Hindquarters
Well muscled quarters set wide enough apart to fit into a properly balanced body. As viewed from the rear, the legs are straight and parallel. From the side, well angulated. Thighs well muscled. Stifles well defined. Hocks short, set well apart. Dewclaws should be removed. Feet small, catlike, toes strong, well arched and closely knit with deep pads. Nails thick, blunt.

Coat
Smooth, hard and short, straight and lustrous, closely adhering to and uniformly covering the body.

Color
Solid clear red. Stag red (red with intermingling of black hairs). Black with sharply defined rust-red markings on cheeks, lips, lower jaw, throat, twin spots above eyes and chest, lower half of forelegs, inside of hind legs and vent region, lower portion of hocks and feet. Black pencil stripes on toes. Chocolate with rust-red markings the same as specified for blacks, except brown pencil stripes on toes. In the solid red and stag red a rich vibrant medium to dark shade is preferred. Disqualifications -Any color other than listed. Thumb mark (patch of black hair surrounded by rust on the front of the foreleg between the foot and the wrist; on chocolates, the patch is chocolate hair). White on any part of dog which exceeds one-half inch in its longest dimension.

Gait
The forelegs and hind legs move parallel, with feet turning neither in nor out. The hackney-like action is a high-stepping, reaching, free and easy gait in which the front leg moves straight forward and in front of the body and the foot bends at the wrist. The dog drives smoothly and strongly from the rear. The head and tail are carried high.

Temperament
Fearless animation, complete self-possession, and spirited presence.

Disqualifications
Under 10 inches or over 12½ inches in height.
Any color other than listed. Thumb mark (patch of black hair surrounded by rust on the front of the foreleg between the foot and the wrist; on chocolates, the patch is chocolate hair). White on any part of dog which exceeds one-half (½) inch in its longest dimension.

Approved July 8, 1980
Reformatted February 21, 1990